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@shorttitlepage GNU Make Copyright (C) 1988, '89, '90, '91, '92, '93, '94 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Published by the Free Software Foundation
675 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Printed copies are available for $20 each.
ISBN 1-882114-16-7

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.

Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

Overview of make

The make utility automatically determines which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issues commands to recompile them. This manual describes GNU make, which was implemented by Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath. GNU make conforms to section 6.2 of IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992 (POSIX.2).

Our examples show C programs, since they are most common, but you can use make with any programming language whose compiler can be run with a shell command. Indeed, make is not limited to programs. You can use it to describe any task where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change.

To prepare to use make, you must write a file called the makefile that describes the relationships among files in your program and provides commands for updating each file. In a program, typically, the executable file is updated from object files, which are in turn made by compiling source files.

Once a suitable makefile exists, each time you change some source files, this simple shell command:

make

suffices to perform all necessary recompilations. The make program uses the makefile data base and the last-modification times of the files to decide which of the files need to be updated. For each of those files, it issues the commands recorded in the data base.

You can provide command line arguments to make to control which files should be recompiled, or how. See section How to Run make.

How to Read This Manual

If you are new to make, or are looking for a general introduction, read the first few sections of each chapter, skipping the later sections. In each chapter, the first few sections contain introductory or general information and the later sections contain specialized or technical information. The exception is section An Introduction to Makefiles, all of which is introductory.

If you are familiar with other make programs, see section Features of GNU make, which lists the enhancements GNU make has, and section Incompatibilities and Missing Features, which explains the few things GNU make lacks that others have.

For a quick summary, see section Summary of Options, section Quick Reference, and section Special Built-in Target Names.

Problems and Bugs

If you have problems with GNU make or think you've found a bug, please report it to the developers; we cannot promise to do anything but we might well want to fix it.

Before reporting a bug, make sure you've actually found a real bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it really says you can do what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you should be able to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in the documentation!

Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate it to the smallest possible makefile that reproduces the problem. Then send us the makefile and the exact results make gave you. Also say what you expected to occur; this will help us decide whether the problem was really in the documentation.

Once you've got a precise problem, please send electronic mail either through the Internet or via UUCP:

Internet address:
    bug-gnu-utils@prep.ai.mit.edu

UUCP path:
    mit-eddie!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-utils

Please include the version number of make you are using. You can get this information with the command `make --version'. Be sure also to include the type of machine and operating system you are using. If possible, include the contents of the file `config.h' that is generated by the configuration process.

Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are just obscure features, send a message to the bug reporting address. We cannot guarantee you'll get help with your problem, but many seasoned make users read the mailing list and they will probably try to help you out. The maintainers sometimes answer such questions as well, when time permits.


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