Network Working Group M. Ohta Request For Comments: 1815 Tokyo Institute of Technology Category: Informational July 1995
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Though the ISO character set standard of ISO 10646 is specified reasonably well about European characters, it is not so useful in an fully internationalized environment.
For the practical use of ISO 10646, a lot of external profiling such as restriction of characters, restriction of combination of characters and addition of language information is necessary.
This memo provides information on such profiling, along with charset names to each profiled instance.
Though all the effort is done to make the resulting charset as useful 10646 based charset as possible, the result is not so good. So, the charsets defined in this memo are only for reference purpose and its use for practical purpose is strongly discouraged.
This memo describes two text encoding schemes based on ISO 10646 [10646].
As ISO 10646 specifies too little about how text is visualized, to practically use ISO 10646, it is necessary to restrict the standard minimally and then add some amount of profiling information.
For ISO 2022 [ISO2022] based national standards, sufficient profiling information is provided by national standardization bodies, but, for ISO 10646, such a profiling is not yet provided.
As the profiling of ISO 10646 largely affects which character or combination of characters could be properly displayed, changes of profiling of ISO 10646 are as significant as additions of new character sets of ISO 2022.
That is, it's impractical to support the entirety of ISO 10646 (new restriction or profiling can always be added), so a client needs to know whether some restriction or profiling is being used before it can decide whether to display the body part. Thus, it is necessary to provide multiple charset names to each variation of ISO 10646.
For example, in Japan with Japanese windows NT, only those Han characters already supported by MS Kanji code (mostly equivalent to JIS X 0208 [JISX0208]) can be displayed, because no other font pattern is commonly provided.
The other problem of ISO 10646 for Han characters is that, to display
them in quality required for daily plain text processing in
China/Japan/Korea, it is necessary to add profiling information on
which one of Chinese/Japanese/Korean the text is using. It should be
noted that this feature makes multilingual mixed
Chinese/Japanese/Korean text with ISO 10646 impractical.
Also, just as [RFC1521] was unclear about how bi-directionality should be supported with "ISO-8859-6" and "ISO-8859-8" which was corrected by [RFC1556], it is also unclear how bi-directionality could be supported with ISO 10646. There are too much ways to support bi- directionality. So, until some bi-directionality mechanism(s) becomes widely supported, it is necessary to exclude characters for languages which requires bi-directionality support from the minimal variation. It should be noted that, though ISO 10646 is intended to be free from long term states, save for some profiling information, introduction of bi-directionality with ISO 10646 do requires the long term states.
Combining characters also cause problems. In many countries where combining characters based on [ISO2022] is used, there are restrictions on how combining characters are ordered [TIS]. Without such restriction, the result of combination is completely meaningless which is the current state of ISO 10646. That is, if some combination is allowed in some implementation while the other does not support it, communication between them is difficult unless ISO 10646 is profiled to be least common set of widely supported combinations. So, again, until combination restriction will be developed for each language, it is necessary to exclude characters for such languages from the minimal variation.
Conjoining characters also, may or may not be supported, which requires another profiling.
According to those considerations, this memo defines two variations of ISO 10646. They are "ISO-10646" as the minimal basic variation and "ISO-10646-J-1" as the variation which could be useful in Japan.
Finally, this memo, by no means, promotes the use of ISO 10646 on the Internet. It's use is strongly discouraged, when there are other charsets which can encode the same information, Families of ISO 10646 based charsets, like ISO 2022 based charsets, only forms set of mutually incompatible encoding systems and, unlike ISO 2022 based charsets [2022INT], they can not be merged together to be the single world wide charset.
ISO-10646 is profiled to be the most basic part of the family of encodings based on ISO 10646 and contains the following minimal graphic characters:
collection number and name positions further restriction
------------------------------------------------------------------
1 BASIC LATIN 0020-007E
2 LATIN-1 SUPPLEMENT 00A0-00FF
C0 and C1 control characters may also be used as specified in the section 16 of ISO 10646.
The text with "ISO-10646" encodes text in 16 bit big endian form.
As no combining characters are included, "ISO-10646" can be used with applications at implementation level 1.
Left-to-right directionality should be used.
The encoding is implemented by Windows/NT.
For practical communication, use of "ISO-10646" is discouraged. "ISO-8859-1" [RFC1345] should be used instead.
ISO-10646-J-1 is profiled to be useful for Japanese PC users who use Japanese version of Windows/NT and contains the following graphic characters:
collection number and name positions further restrictions
------------------------------------------------------------------
1 BASIC LATIN 0020-007E
2 LATIN-1 SUPPLEMENT 00A0-00FF
8 BASIC GREEK 0370-03CF
10 CYRILLIC 0400-04FF
32 GENERAL PUNCTUATION 2000-206F See note 1, below.
39 MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS 2200-22FF See note 1, below.
44 BOX DRAWING 2500-257F
49 CJK SYMBOLS AND PUNCTUATION 3000-303F See note 1, below.
50 HIRAGANA 3040-309F
51 KATAKANA 30A0-30FF
60 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPHS 4E00-9FFF See note 1, below.
62 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPHS F900-FAFF See note 1, below.
66 CJK COMPATIBILITY FORMS FE30-FE4F
69 HALFWIDTH AND FULLWIDTH FORMS FF00-FFEF
Note 1: Most of the characters are excluded. That is, only those characters of JIS X 0208 [JISX0208] are included. The reason is that the Japanese version of Windows/NT have fonts for them only and most of the users can not read messages which contains other characters.
C0 and C1 control characters may also be used as specified in the section 16 of ISO 10646.
The text with "ISO-10646-J-1" encodes text in 16 bit big endian form.
Shapes of Han characters should be of Japanese Han, that is, those of column "J" in section 26 of ISO 10646.
As no combining characters are included, "ISO-10646-J-1" can be used with applications at implementation level 1.
Characters in "HALFWIDTH AND FULLWIDTH FORMS" compared to be different characters to the normal width characters.
When text is displayed horizontally, left-to-right directionality should be used.
For practical communication, use of "ISO-10646-J-1" is discouraged. ISO-2022-JP" [2022JP] should be used instead.
The names given to the character encoding methods described in this memo are, respectively, "ISO-10646" and "ISO-10646-J-1". This name is intended to be used in MIME messages as follows:
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-10646
The ISO-10646 and ISO-10646-J-1 encoding are in 16-bit form, so it is often necessary to use a Content-Transfer-Encoding header. Base64 should be useful.
The ISO-10646 and ISO-10646-J-1 may also be used in MIME Part 2 headers [RFC1522]. The "B" encoding should be used with them.
[10646] International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
"Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS)",
International Standard, Ref. No. ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993
(E).
[2022INT] (An Internet Draft "draft-ohta-text-encoding-*.txt" may
be available).
[2022JP] Murai, J., Crispin, M., and E. van der Poel, "Japanese
Character Encoding for Internet Messages", RFC 1468, June
1993.
[ISO2022] International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
"Information processing -- ISO 7-bit and 8-bit coded
character sets -- Code extension techniques",
International Standard, Ref. No. ISO 2022-1986 (E).
[JISX0208] Japanese Standards Association, "Code of the Japanese graphic character set for information interchange", JIS X 0208-1990.
[RFC1345] Simonsen, K., "Character Mnemonics & Character Sets",
RFC-1345, Rationel Almen Planlaegning, June 1992.
[RFC1521] Borenstein, N., and Freed, N., "MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for
Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message
Bodies", RFC 1521, September 1993.
[RFC1522] Moore, K., "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
Part Two: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text",
RFC 1522, September 1993.
[RFC1556] Nussbacher, H., "Handling of Bi-directional Texts in
MIME" RFC 1556, Israeli Inter-University Computer Center,
December 1993.
[TIS] Thai Industrial Standard for Thai Character Code for
Computer, TIS 620-2533:1990.
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
Masataka Ohta
Tokyo Institute of Technology
2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku,
Tokyo 152, JAPAN
Phone: +81-3-5499-7084
Fax: +81-3-3729-1940
EMail: mohta@cc.titech.ac.jp